Qualitative Research Research Methods - 1166 Words

Qualitative Research Name: Allana Sibille SOC 333: Research Methods Professor: Risa Garelick December 3rd, 2015 Qualitative Research Qualitative research reflects the multiple ways researcher’s collect data and explore information through literature review. Participant’s review is often observed for analysis while â€Å"the role of the researcher focuses as the primary data collection instrument necessitates the identification of personal values, assumptions and biases at the outset of the study; Qualitative researchers ask at least one central question† (Creswell, 2014), which can be explored in several contexts with further questions. According to the text Research Design (2014), â€Å"the researcher’s role is typically involved†¦show more content†¦The goal is to share the human experience and gather the required data needed without causing the informant to feel displaced and taken advantage off. The actions researchers can take to ensure they retain their ethical and neutral stance in performing qualitative research and reporting their qualitative research results can begin with a written permission note from the informant, legally consenting to obtain accurate information needed for the case study. Include statements about past experiences to help the reader understand the connection between the researchers and the study, and know what the limitations are. While information can be gathered from interviews, documents, and observations the informant should be reminded that they can leave the settings at any given time and are not forced to give any information against their will. Researchers can be considerate and understand that â€Å"not all people are equally articulated and perceived; some information may be protected and unavailable to public or private access† (Creswell, 2014, p. 208), or perhaps have an adult present if the observations involve a minor; know the extent of the questions before asking. Recording information can prove usefulness to re-examine work if needed (keep a journal). Ask open-ended questions and take field notes and if necessary use audio and visual materials to make the process transition easier. Regarding Alice Goffman’sShow MoreRelatedQualitative Research : Research Methods1219 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative Research Justin Netcher SOC 333: Research Methods Jeremy Baker December 19, 2016 Qualitative Research Qualitative research reflects different ways that researcher’s collect data and explore all of the information through literature review. Participant’s that are reviewing is often observed for analysis while â€Å"the role of the researcher focuses as the primary data collection instrument necessitates the identification of personal values, assumptions and biases at the outset ofRead MoreQualitative Research On Research Methods Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesThis type of research methods involve describing in detail specific situation using research tools like interviews, surveys, and Observations. Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into theRead MoreQualitati ve Research Methods1185 Words   |  5 PagesCOURSE | : | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS AND APPROACHES | COURSE CODE | : | BIR6024 | CREDIT | : | 4 | SLT | : | 160 hours | PREREQUISITE | : | GRU6014 | SEMESTER | : | First / Second | LEARNING OUTCOMES | : | 1. Use qualitative research methods and approaches in collecting and analyzing data. 2. Conduct qualitative research methods in education. 3. Critical in evaluating research reports. 4. Demonstrate ethical practices in collecting and analyzing data. | SYNOPSISLECTURERS’Read MoreQualitative Research Methods6311 Words   |  26 PagesPROJECT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS FROM AN ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE à hsan Ulaà ¾ Kocaoà °lu JANUARY 2006 CONTENTS Definition of Qualitative Research in Social Sciences Approaches to Management Research Positivism versus Phenomenology Deductive and Inductive Schools of Thought in Management Research Major Qualitaitve Research Approaches Ethnographic Approach Phenomenology Field Research Grounded Theory Case study Action Research Narrative research Qualitative DataRead MoreQualitative Research Methods5198 Words   |  21 PagesOVERVIEW Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide Module 1 Qualitative Research Methods Overview F A M I L Y H E A L T H I N T E R N A T I O N A L Qualitative Research Methods Overview OVERVIEW T †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ his module introduces the fundamental elements of a qualitative approach to research, to help you understand and become proficient in the qualitative methods discussed in subsequent modules. We recommend that you consult the suggested readingsRead MoreQualitative Research Methods4061 Words   |  17 PagesBusiness Research Skills Qualitative Research Report Business Research Skills Qualitative Research Report Teresa Cooney B00251777 Teresa Cooney B00251777 Contents Introduction 2 1. Research Design 3 1.1 Qualitative Research Methods 3 1.2 Thematic Analysis 3 2. Findings and Analysis 6 References 8 Appendix 1 9 Appendix 2 13 Introduction This report has been commissioned by the University of the West of Scotland (Paisley campus) for the Business Research SkillsRead MoreMethods And Methods Of Qualitative Research1057 Words   |  5 PagesMethod Approach Qualitative research is normally recognizable via the use of methods that include, in-depth interviews and group moderation techniques; a particular objective to answer is â€Å"why?† and â€Å"how?† (Bailey, 2014). One of the great benefits of the qualitative research method is that it offers a wide range of approaches that can be used to capture data. In order to ensure credibility, two approaches will be used to conduct this research. The ethnographic approach will be used to understandRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods936 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative and quantitative research methods are two alternative applications for research methods. Both are very different in how data is collected, what data is collected, and how data is measured. Both of these research methods are utilized amongst the major areas of psychology and the social sciences. This paper will provide a brief description of qualitative and quantitative methods, provide the di fferences between the two approaches along with the terminology used for both; I will alsoRead MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods Essay1850 Words   |  8 Pages3.2 Research Methods â€Å"Quantitative and Qualitative† were the two principal approaches in psychological research currently (Bavelas, 1998). Quantitative research is concerned with applying statistical approaches to test hypotheses. Statistical methods are to consider as the analysis of data, it normally concerned with â€Å"probabilistic model† as a background. (Sibson, 1999), the prominent characteristic of probabilistic model is as the analysis of data was collected, which is considered about â€Å"mean,Read MoreQuantitative And Qualitative Research Methods Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals are confused about or not aware of the differences between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Some think those terms can be used interchangeably. Describe the key features (up to 5) that distinguish quantitative research from qualitative research. Provide examples to demonstrate your main points. Firstly, qualitative and quantitative research methods are used for different purposes. Quantitative methods try to explain and make predictions, confirm and validate an existing practice/model

Weather Descriptive Essay - 974 Words

First Draft Weather has a way of making people feel a certain way, by affecting their mood. Bright and sunny weather tends to make people happier, while dull and dreary weather brings about less appealing emotions, such as grumpiness, sadness, or fear. Tornado weather, especially in tornado alley, is a source of emotion. For many people living in tornado alley, tornado season offers a mix of fear and excitement. However, for most, when the tornado is actually present, fear tends to take over and the excitement is lost. The tornado that occured on May 20th, 2013 was a great example of how a tornado can turn from exhilirating to terrifying. This past tornado season, the weather was naturally stormy, but nothing of great concern had†¦show more content†¦Her voice shrill and incredilous, she told me that she called my boss twenty minutes before and asked that i come home. By the time that I was told, the storm was raging. I shakily told her that i was scared to drive since my car had been messing up, so she offered to come pick me up. When she got there, I ran outside and jumped in the car, slamming the door shut behind me, but I realized that i had forgotten my purse. Trying to hurry, i ran back inside like an olympic sprinter and got it. On the drive back home, the storm seemed to be clearing up, but soon it started to hail and the rain was so thick that we couldnt see the road. Finally, we made it home and got inside. By that time, the storm had gone around us, so we began to relax. We turned on the news and stared in awe at the devestation that had befallen Moore. As we all sat there taking in the sight, a shrill ring filled the air. My aunt answered her phone to find that it was her son, Derek, who was in the Army. He had been called to help in the clean up of the wreckage. She cried and wished him good luck. She knew that what he saw would be life changing. This just shows how weather can affect peoples moods. At first the storm seemed exciting; getting to lea ve work and school early sounded like a good thing. However, throughout the day, little things happened that made it no longer be so exciting. And eventually, that excitement was gone and it was replaced byShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Santa Ana And Linda Thomass Brush Fire1500 Words   |  6 PagesJoan Didion in her essay, â€Å"The Santa Ana† and Linda Thomas in her essay, â€Å"Brush Fire† describes the Santa Ana in two opposing stands with similar moves. Didions purpose in writing her essay for the Santa Ana is to inform her readers. She informs them about the Santa Ana, the effect the winds have on human behavior, and how they have to live with the Santa Ana. Thomas writes her essay to engage readers on the Santa Ana’s effect on brushes. She gives details on how the Santa Ana causes natural brushRead MoreAn Example of Descriptive Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesDescriptive Essay 1) Definition: Descriptive essay is one of the many types of writing styles that provides a detailed description for a particular person, place, memory, experience or object. Descriptive essay is purposely created so readers can readily imagine its particular subject matter. It focuses on the five senses which are sight, smell, touch, sound and taste. 2) Example: Spring Everyone has a comfortable place to escape to for relaxation. They go there when they need to beRead More Clash with the Hurricane- Personal Narrative Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagesthe car not to work I thought to myself’. I got out of the car and looked ahead. The treacherous whirlwind was closer than ever, people now started to notice and started fearing. At this point I was thinking only one thing, ‘Those damn weather reporters never told us that a hurricane was coming our way!’ ====================================================================== I stood outside in the thundering rain waiting for transport but the hurricaneRead MoreLos Angeles Notebook by John Didion1011 Words   |  4 Pages In life, people sometimes have the tendency to identify their emotions with external forces like the weather. The amount of force in weather, and how it is delivered upon the earth, has a striking resemblance to emotion. Joan Didion explores this relationship in her essay â€Å"Los Angeles Notebook† Through looking at Santa Ana winds; she identifies her view that peoples actions can be affected both before and during the wind through feelings and mechanical behavior. Didions express theRead MoreThe Russian Countryside And Alekhin s Estate Essay754 Words   |  4 Pagessimilar methods but having key differences that set them apart. Both articles serve their purpose of describing and critiquing â€Å"Gooseberries†, but Chris Power’s personal thought and well-described details enhance his article and establish it as the best essay to capture the meaning and feeling of â €Å"Gooseberries†. On the topic of setting, both articles agree that the setting of the Russian countryside and Alekhin’s estate gives the feeling of comfort, especially in contrast to Ivan’s moralistic story. TheRead MoreEssay on The Personality of Scrooge1338 Words   |  6 Pageslife. The theme of this novella is to look at the good you do in life and how it carries over after your death. The moral of the book is; People can make changes in their lives whenever they really want to, even right up to the end. In this essay I am going to distinguish the personality of Scrooge also show you how he was at the beginning of the novella in the 1st Stave to how he changes at the end in the 5th Stave. The title to the novella A Christmas Carol this suggests that the storyRead MoreThe Personality of Scrooge Essay example1341 Words   |  6 Pageslife. The theme of this novella is to look at the good you do in life and how it carries over after your death. The moral of the book is; People can make changes in their lives whenever they really want to, even right up to the end. In this essay I am going to distinguish the personality of Scrooge also show you how he was at the beginning of the novella in the 1st Stave to how he changes at the end in the 5th Stave. The title to the novella A Christmas Carol this suggests that the storyRead MoreScrooges Transformation in Dickens A Christmas Carol Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesin life. The theme of this novel is to look at the good you do in life and how it carries over after your death. The moral of the book is; People can make changes in their lives whenever they really want to, even right up to the end. In this essay I am going to distinguish the personality of Scrooge also show you how he was at the beginning of the novella in the 1st Stave to how he changes at the end in the 5th Stave. The title to the novella A Christmas Carol this suggests that the storyRead MoreSocietys Fear and Fascination with Crime Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribed as a buzzword. It could be argued that today’s society is both fearful of, and fascinated by, crime. There have been many explanations as to why society is increasingly both fearful and fascinated by the crime problem in the UK. This essay will outline what is meant by the term ‘crime’; will present evidence that society is both fascinated by and fearful of crime and discuss what factors may be contributing to this. 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Innovation And Capacity Management of Refined Oil

Question: Discuss about the Innovation And Capacity Management of Refined Oil. Answer: Introduction: Background: Oil can be distilled into different products such as gasoline, diesel and heating oil. Petroleum refinery is the industrial plant where oil is processed. In petroleum refineries, the crude oils are refined and processed into serviceable products like naphtha, diesel fuel and liquefied petroleum gas. The set of operations that are performed in order to get widest possible set of quality products for usage. The unprocessed oil is not useful for industrial purposes but the light and sweet crude oil are used widely as burning fuel to produce steam while the sea going vessels surge forward. Refinery industries are large and sprawling that has extensive pipes that carry the fluid streams between the operational units of the chemicals. The plants that produce oils process the feedstocks of the crude oils. The major portion of the petroleum is transformed to petroleum products that include different levels of fuels. As per the constitution of the crude oil, the refineries can manufacture dif ferent petroleum products. Asphalt, paraffin and tar are produced from the heavier fractions that are produced after the distillation of petroleum (Olcay et al. 2013). Oil refineries blend different feedstock, combine appropriate additives, supply short-term storage, and prepare for loading to product ships and trucks. Operation management is the procedure through which continuous improvement of the existing operations are done in a sequential manner. The objective of the operations management deals with optimum utilization of the resources for the purpose of production refined oil. The operational objectives also aims at reducing the time required for the various sequential activities. The petroleum industry plays a significant role in developing the economic condition of a country. That is why performance of operations management of an organization is very important. The oil should be free from contaminants so that the fuels can be traded easily. Petroleum fuels are used for the combustion engine and it helps to supply power for automobiles, ships and other machines (Anirudhan and Ramachandran 2014). Problem Statement Operations management is very complex in nature. The ultimate goal of operations management is to achieve competitive advantages. Operations management plays vital role in increasing the competitive advantages of petroleum industry. In this volatile industry, flexibility is the vital source that provides competitive advantage. Long lead-time and pay procurement are the inflexible factors of the operations management of an industry related to the production of refined oil. The operational efficiency is brought about by operating model, asset reliability, cost efficiency, integrated planning, suppliers and contractors. (Moslehyani et al.2015). The report shows some of the various problems in the oil and natural gas industry due to the following reasons: Problem 1 Problem of frontier acreage and accessibility to reserves: Political events, unforeseen events put impact on the price of petroleum. International situations and political changes are the catalyst that affects various operations of the petroleum industry. The oil operational procedure is very complex as it is divided into up and downstream classification based on the functions before and after the stage of refinement. The procedure that crude oil has to go through is complicated and the refinery procedure is capital intensive. Problem 2 Unconventional Resources in the Upstream Sector The operational management in the upstream sector becomes very challenging in nature due to ascertaining of intensive and extensive effort towards actual location of crude oil. Therefore, the exploration process in these areas becomes very difficult and the upstream sector needs to locate prospective underwater source of oil and gas fields. The drilling and the exploration activities in these sites prove to be very labor-intensive in nature. Problem 3 Deteriorating Fiscal Terms The deteriorating condition of the fiscal regime has put tremendous pressure on the oil companies especially in the first meeting of UK oil and gas fiscal forum it was found that the oil industry needed to secure a stable fiscal regime with more than 2.3 billion. Problem 4 Operational Issues Due to Logistical Challenges There are many challenges in the area of logistics of the petroleum industry. The challenges that they face in logistics prominently affects the cost of the oil and derivatives. The main challenge is to maintain the proper supply of oil in pipeline transportation and keep the cost as low as possible. The demand growth, technological growth and trade barriers are the fields that help building competition among other petroleum industry. Problem 5 Investment Cost and Innovation, Technology and RD Innovation, research and development in the major part of operational management of oil industry play a vital role in the operations management. The several types of operational challenges are seen in the rising cost of research and development. The major problem is also observed in maintaining the stability of information technology into the different operations of oil and gas industry. The implementation of information technologies data related to SGML and HTML to the cost intensive in nature and at two operational management problems. Purpose of the Study The basic purpose of the study is to determine the challenges that the operational efficiency is confronting. It will also help to determine what practices petroleum companies are adapting in order to manage the constraints that they regularly face in managing the various operational goals existing in the oil and gas industry. Research Objectives A basic review of oil refinery and refinement process Options that the petroleum industry undertakes for optimizing the stages of uncertainty in operations management. The decisions regarding the location of the refinery of oil needs to considered. The researcher will also develop a model that will assist in increasing the efficiency of the various operations. Methodology Research methodologies indicate various tools and techniques in order to gather data and information about the innovation in refining petroleum and making improvements in operations management. The researcher with the help of technology has accumulated data on the research topics. The researcher has utilized qualitative research methodology in order to analyze effectively the data available in the market. The investigator evaluates the data and information by applying explanatory, exploratory and descriptive methods of assessing. The exploratory research is often implemented for exploring the existing facts and details about the research topics. The researcher here collects data about the past innovations made in the field of oil refinery. Through investigation is made on developments and advancement in oil refining technologies. The exploratory research method has largely helped the researcher to evaluate the research procedure. There are two ways of conducting the research, one is inductive and another is deductive. In this research, the researcher chooses inductive approach because it assists the researcher to collect specific data about the research topic. The researcher makes observations, chooses pattern and applies theory in order to conduct the research effectively. The research topics contain intense data that is why the researcher selects inductive research method to collect and evaluate the data properly. Research Process: The researcher executes the research procedure through a systematic method. At the initial stage, the researcher chooses the research area in details. The researcher determines the aim and objectives so that the research can be conducted in a systematic way. The aim of the research is to develop answers to the questions asked while progressing with the research. The researcher involves the literature review in order to establish the facts that will help to understand the research topic. While investigating, the researcher scrutinizes in detailed approach. The researchers implements different stages in order to highlight the key issues of the research topics. The researcher investigates and collects data and generate research proposal that fulfills aims and objective of the topic. The investigator accumulates information from different sources including respondents and participants. At the final stage of the research the aims and objective of the research is achieved. The researcher g athers data from several reliable sources in order to achieve research objective. Data Collection: According to Pickard (2012), Data collection is the procedure through which primary and secondary data is accumulated. With the help of primary data, the researcher can accumulate extensive data on the research topic. Primary data is collected from the respondent present in the market. The researcher visited British Petroleum Company and Shell in order to collect primary data. With the help of primary data, the researcher investigates the innovations that the petroleum company is undertaking. The major part of the data collection comprises of primary data collection. The researcher involves 50 people from managerial posts and worker class. The quantitative research data is collected from the organization (Abdelrehim et al. 2015). From both the organization, the researcher questions 50 employees in order to collect information about the innovations. The researcher here uses probability-sampling method to diminish the discrimination from the research process. While making quantitative analysis, the investigator scrutinizes several statistical data including standard, mean, median and mode deviation from the data that he has accumulated. The quantitative analysis will help the researcher to conduct the research project in an effective manner. The researcher in this part asks questions to the respondents about the importance of innovation in an organization. The researcher with assistance of the answers deduces how the organizations are implementing the innovative ideas (British Petroleum 2012). According to Liang et al. (2013), the primary data collection helps the researcher to gather the needed data. The researcher collects secondary data from the company website and reliable sources. Then the researcher combines both primary and secondary data in order to derive the expected aims and objective of the research. Primary and secondary data accumulation is important because in order to get vivid idea about the research topic. The researcher investigates the oil refineries so that he can accumulate data about the new and improved implementations that the organizations are adapting. Secondary data are also collected from company indexes and databases. In order to increase reliability of the data peer reviewed scholarly articles are used. Student researcher will produce comprehensive study on refinery to display how the location affects the operational efficiency. (Afergan et al. 2015). Research Outcome: In the research outcome, a broad range of data is provided on the research topic. By the use of analytical framework, the researcher analyses the rationale of the topic. Two organizations British petroleum and Shell has made innovation like chemical cracking of the heavy oil and transformation of natural gas into liquid form. It has been seen that innovation affects the competitive factor of the organization. The innovations affect the commercial and financial aspects of the organization. The manager and supervisors plays vital role in approving the innovations (Zhao et al. 2014). According to Ince et al. (2015), the geographical location of oil refinery is essential to carry out the operations. The global demand of petroleum is changing rapidly that is why the organizations are applying new techniques so that they can upgrade the refining procedure. Global refinery capacity has shifted to the emerging markets. The researcher has scrutinized the aspects and need of innovation in organization. The researcher has methodically assessed the necessity of innovation is the procedure of retrieving oil from the wells. The organizations invest large sum of money so that they can undertake projects and make innovations in oil refinery (D'Andrea et al. 2014). Technical Process of the Oil Extraction It is important to understand the critical elements of the operations at British petroleum. The process starts with the identification of the availability of the natural resources related to the oil. The next step is to explore and track the various sources by the means of Geophysics navigation technology used in the boats. The process of operational efficiency starts with construction of the refining plants which are located nearest to the oil wells. The storage is done on the basis of short term and long term storage of the oil supplies. The short term storage is done on the basis of storage containers. For the purpose of the long term storage the oil is stored in the SPR. The refinery is maintained in accordance with the excess capacity to the grids. The refinery is further attached to the power plants which is responsible for the carriage of the oil supply to the nearest terminals. In the blending area the ethanol is further blended. The final distribution is done on the basis of the pint of sales. The main carriage of the oil supplies is done through air transport (Selley and Sonnenberg 2014) According to Boudreaux et al. (2013), the first step of the operational efficiency deals with the production activities. At the time of the production activities both at land and at sea the production procedure involves activities such as drilling, extraction and recovery of the oil supplies from the underground. In the year 2012 the U.S. production reached to a level of more than 2.3 billion barrels of production. The crude oil production has increased since the year 2008; this increase was observed in the beginning of the year 1986. The amount of the production of the refined oil production increased from an astounding amount of 5 million barrels each day in the year 2008 to 6.5 million barrels every day in the year 2012. The British petroleums downstream operation deals with telling of the refined oil products which are directly in the alignment with the present global trends. On order to further improve the service of the British petroleum the company is looking forward to reposi tion its operations based in the United States and improve the customer service. The present operational activities of the company are comprised in the large modern refineries of British Petroleum, which is carried out at Cherry Point. The installation and the total capacity of the processing capacity consist of processing up to 744000 barrels of oil every day. This will further make up the significant part of the British Petroleum through worldwide network of the oil refineries situated across the globe (Massie 2015). According to Veil et al. (2013), The major supplies of the oil aids wide range of usage such as in petrochemicals and lubricants which are used to serve the Americas highway and support the various types of the activities needed in the transportation purpose of the air, rail, home, commercial and institutional heating systems for the purpose of power generation and used by the industry. The reseller of the British Petroleum brand is done by Amoco ultimate, Castrol and air BP. The total market composition consists of the 10% of the market share (Petroleum 2012). According to Jacobs and Chase (2013), the oil refineries located in the BP follows an augmented refining strategy with sophisticated refining procedures. The feedstock advantaged refineries of British Petroleum is tied to the strong logistics and the various types of the fuels resources available in a particular country. The company has further completed a large number of the investments activities which are essentially tied to the logistics system and aims to increase the production activities and support the efficiency if the various types of operations performed for the purpose of the production of the oil (D'Andrea and Reddy 2014). Figure: SPH Features: High Yield, Less Residue (Source: Jccp.or.jp. 2016) According to Ten Kroode et al. (2013), BP has a major oil refinery for the production of the refined oil which is situated at Oregon, Ohio. This refinery of the company is known as BP-Husky Refinery. This particular refinery is responsible for the prediction of the total of 3.8 million gallons of the oil supplies. The total volume of the production has the capability to fuel more than 95000 ambulances. The entire distribution operation is carried out with 700 semi trucks. These trucks drive from New York City to Los Angeles and travel back to daily diesel for the purpose of the fuel production. The Whiting Refinery of the company is located in the Whiting, Indiana. This plant is spread across 1400 acres of area and the plant is nearly three times the size of the Indianapolis motor speedway. The plant is further responsible for the groups production of 19 million gallons producing refined fuel per day. This service is spread across the entire Midwest region and other region which has enough amount of fuel to run each day. The refinery is further equipped with a total of 430000 cars and total of 222000 commercial trucks and a total number of 10000 tractors. The innovation on the above mentioned equipment is seen through the various types of the implementation of the RFID technologies and the use of the GPS tracking technologies in the vehicles which are used for the oils distribution purposes. The Cherry point oil refinery of the company is located at Baine, Washington region. The total number of employee strength in this refinery is around 750 approximately. The primary output unit used is Diesel Gasoline and Jet fuel. The refinery responsible for the supply of total of 20% of the refinery supplies to aid the Oregons auto fuel (bp.com. 2016). Figure: SPH Features: High Yield, Less Residue Source: Jccp.or.jp (2016) Innovation at BP Some of the major initiative taken at BP for the purpose of the innovation activities includes the monitoring of the sand particles near the oil wells. The sand particles present near the oil wells are often responsible to cause the leakage of the equipment related to the supplies of the oils. The sand particles are often known to cause damage to the various types of the carrying equipment and lead to reduction in the total production activities. The major need for eliminating the and particles starts when the rock starts to break and an the reservoir pressure reduces, leading to lose grains which has the ability to travel along with the hydrocarbons in to the well. Due to this the erosion can take place and the equipment may get damaged and lead to the reduction in the total production. Various types of the initiatives includes restricting o the wells flow rate, but the major flaw of this technique is that the oil and the gas production is also restricted. The technique assists the stoppage of the sands entering the well while the oil and the gas continues to flow. The technological measure used in order to prevent this includes using of metal screens and coarser grained gravel that act as a filter that are installed in the wells. The main drawback of these improvements is the rising amount of cost constraint (Petroleum 2014). A significant portion of the BPs hydrocarbon storage reserves is found in the weakly consolidates reservoirs mainly in the areas of the Gulf of Mexico and Angola. The innovation activities are carried out by the means of specialized teams often known as sand control specialists, who are focused on the various type of the development technologies which focus on the developing technologies which enable the equivalent level of the hydrocarbon recovery from the reservoirs which consists if lower level of the supplies. The present team of the sand control specialists focuses on the three major areas which include well productivity, reliability, and predictive capability in order to better understand the time of the sand production. The monitoring of the sand production is done to better pinpoint the area where the sand is entering the well and the framing the various types of the remediation to stops the sand from entering in the first place (Chengzao et al. 2012). It is also an important step to predict the capability of the gathered information by the determination of the reservoir rocks and studying the histories of the well. This is often performed through sophisticated numerical calculations and various types of the models to asses he condition which result in the disaggregation and the overall production of the sand particles. The team of expert is involved in the selection of the most suitable method for the completion of the method and also advises for the wells optimal operating limits in order to minimize the sand production. The teams of experts are further involved to study the immediate expectations of the production and also predict how the reservoir conditions might change over the year. (Veil et al. 2013). According to Chuu (2014), the process of the sand management is done through the identification of the sand entering the well and the way the change could be managed. This is done by using a process known distributed acoustic sensing, which is based on the fiber optic cable which is placed inside the well and the sand face, which is related with the point where the well crosses the reservoir. The team is responsible to locate the change on the sound by sensing the noise and the various types of the vibrations which will enable to locate the exact location of the entry of the sand particles. As soon as the source of the sand graining is identified the team of the experts is ready to take the actions. The various types of the mechanical tolls used are used for the purpose of the installation done in the well which is used to isolate the sand producing intervals. British Petroleum is also responsible for making an investigation of the new form of a chemical glue which can be used to bin d the sand particles together which will prevent the sand particles to leave the reservoir, at the same time letting the oil and gas to flow uninterrupted . The technology team at BP is also responsible for performing the onshore trials in the oil fields and these specialists are gaining the same expertise in both onshore and offshore procurement of the oil supplies. The main goal for innovation at BP is done in order to produce at a optimum level for eh maximum amount of tine possible. In order to achieve this BP has combined the predictive capability with the data from the distributed acoustic sensing and thereby prevent he sand from entering the well at all. The acoustic sensing also helps in providing an early warning so that the problem can be identified from beforehand and preventive measures can be taken with ease (Chen et al. 2013). Innovation at Shell The major source of the change management at Shell can be seen though the limitation of the CO2 emissions during the burning of the gas during the production of the petroleum product. The limiting of the Carbon dioxide emissions aids the productions activities by collection mire volume of oil from the refineries. It has been observed that the natural gas has many pros which include generation for the electric supply and fuelling of the trucks. Shell group is responsible providing a wider mix of the energy resources for the increasing population of the world. The role of the engineers is to provide critical solutions to meet the various demands related to the sustainability of the technologies. The company is responsible for bringing the innovation by implementing global energy system and tracing of new sources of energy. The Shell Sulphur solution has various types of the activities which aim to bring about new form of innovation for the company (Prett and 2013). According to Chuu (2014), the several types of the innovation activities involve forming of new partnerships and alliances with e major oil and gas resources holders. The companys resource friendly solution is provided by the company in form of Sulphur rich hydrocarbons. The main expertise of the company lies in the recovery of the high volumes of sulphur components which is used in the oil and gas refining. The company has major amount of experience in the transportation fit eh of the elemental Sulphur safety components which is responsible for the efficient production s and distribution of the oil resources. The main initiative by the company lies in the patenting of the technology in order to secure the technologies used I the innovation procedure. The company has made many type of the target markets which are responsible for taking various types of eh innovation activities .the partners of the company includes shell Thiogro, which is known for using of the Sulphur enhanced fertil izer technologies in to its system. This has further increased the amount of the crop yields related to the soils which are sensitive to the Sulphur reactions. The company has performed a major amount of the innovation for the purpose of the development in the lubricant used. This particular technology of the company was an initiative of the prelude FLNG project. The program was found in the year 1996 with an aim to prove financial assistance and technical support tin all the major oil refineries (Campbell 2014). According to Yuan. and Bingbing (2012), the Company is responsible for incorporating various types of the innovation technologies into its system by studying the way the fluid move through the porous rocks. This particular idea was submitted by Danies Pusiol who is a specialist in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). It was proposed by him that the adoption of the NMR would be used to measure the fluid flow in an oil and gas pipeline. The game change technology was introduced by a prototype known as flow meter. This particular technology was first tried by the company at the refinery at Netherlands. The flow meter is used by shell to measure the amount of the variance in the magnetic field. The various types of the reaction on the magnetic field with the oil allow the experts at shell to assess the fluid compositions and the measure the rate of flow of the liquid (Shell.com. 2016). Operations Management at Shell According to Lingeswara et al. (2016), the operational activity at Shell involves the usage of the various type of the innovation activity through the tracking technology used in the vehicles in the refineries. The company is also responsible for tracking the long distance vehicles by the usage of GPS tracking facility in the vehicles. The entire operation of the company is further monitored by enterprise resource planning, which is useful in the tracking of the changes leading to the various type of purchasing operations performed with the vendors at Shell. The operational activities have a great deal of impact in performing he cross functional activities which ranges from the seamless interaction made with the manager with the colleagues made at all levels of the organization (He and Shortes 2013). The company ensures that the engagement with the marketing team of the company helps to understand the customer in a better way and also lead to the accurate forecasting of the various types of the demand activities (Grivas et al. 2012). According to Grant (2013), the various types of the downstream activities at shell ensure that the company is able to minimize the cost of the supply of the various type containers used in the supply of the oil. The main technology used in the supply of the oil is done through pipeline transportation. The oil barrels are placed in a series of batches for the interrupted flow of the oil supplies. The oil supplies are further controlled from the various types of natural disasters which can be prevented from the oil spillage and waste of the materials (Abdulkadir 2014). The Differences and the Similarities of the Operations Management at BP and Shell This section discusses about the varies similarities and the differences in the process of the crude oil production. Crude petroleum is a combination of various hydrocarbons. To get distilled petroleum the refiners separate the hydrocarbons. British petroleum is using new technology for cracking procedure. They are using hydro treating processes in order to separate the impurities of the petroleum. The refiners are also utilizing methods of chemically cracking the heavy oil. The chemical cracking procedure is helping to split the bigger hydrocarbon into smaller and simpler particles. British petroleum is a leading amalgamate oil and gas organization. This company supplies transportation fuel and lubricants for better functioning of the engine. British Petroleum is investing disruptive technologies in order to accelerate the commercial factors of the company. They are making innovations in technologies, business models and hiring technical experts to make new developments in both carb on management and downstream field. British petroleum has adapted technology called fiber optic monitoring in order to monitor oil wells. Shell is an organization that is trying to meet the need of global energy and limiting the emission of carbon dioxide by producing cleaner burning gas. Shell has experimented for decades and developed technologies in order to operate deep-water oil bodies. They have developed advanced technology to carry on the deep-water projects. Shell approves and nurtures the ideas of the innovators that are unproven. The technical teams of Shell support the need of the innovators and provide independence to the innovators to take their own decision. They have innovated revolutionary idea of manufacturing and cooling of natural gas into liquid form. (Srivastava and Hancsk 2014). Conclusion The report shows the background and purpose which is required to study the various types of the aspects which can be brought about in the innovation in the sector of refined oil. The report is mainly focused on the innovation strategy which is sourced as a result of the primary data collection techniques. The primary source of the data is collected from the direct survey conducted in the various oil refineries of the both BP and at shell. The secondary information of the company was collected from the company websites, blogs, journals and newspapers which states about the various types of the initiatives taken by the company focusing in innovation. The main survey question was based on the various types the main innovation of the BP is seen in the chemical tracking of the heavy oil. The main innovation which is seen at shell is related to cooling of the natural gas while procure of the petroleum products. The innovation activities at BP also include prevention of the formation of the sand particles in the oil refineries. This allows for the company to innovate in the various fields of the monitoring f the impurities which have to be excluded in the refining process. The main innovation used at Shell involves the usage carbon efficient technologies which involves the limiting of the carbon emission technologies. The report further looks into the several aspects of innovation which state about the usage of the Sulphur rich hydrocarbons. The Sulphur technology used at shell not only ensures the minimization of carbon technologies but it also ensures that the company is able to keep the cost to minimum level for the procurement activities involved from the oil wells. The company has further taken several initiatives in teaming up with the major global partners for the supply of the oil supplies and tracing of the best vendors for offering supply of the materials at a reduced rate. The report also state about the various types of the operational activities which are followed both at BP and shell. The common part in the operational innovation can be seen through the incorporation off GPS technology in the vehicles of both the companies. It can be also seen that the partnership with the several types of the vendors both at BP and shell has helped the company to source the suppliers. Reference List Abdelrehim, N., Maltby, J. and Toms, S., 2015. Narrative reporting and crises: British Petroleum and Shell, 19501958. Accounting History, 20(2), pp.138-157. Abdulkadir, A.B., 2014. GAS FLARING IN THE NIGER DELTA OF NIGERIA: A VIOLATION OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE AND COMMENT ON THE CASE OF JOHNAH GBEMRE V SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY OF NIGERIA LIMITED. IIUM Law Journal, 22(1). Afergan, M.M., Leighton, F.T., Johnson, T.P., Mancuso, B.J. and Iwamoto, K.G., Akamai Technologies, Inc., 2015. Method of data collection among participating content providers in a distributed network. U.S. Patent 8,972,530. Anirudhan, T.S. and Ramachandran, M., 2014. Removal of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol from water and petroleum refinery industry effluents by surfactant-modified bentonite. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 1, pp.46-53. Boudreaux, D.O., Rao, S., Das, P. and Rumore, N., 2013. How Much Did The Gulf Oil Spill Actually Cost British Petroleum Shareholders?. Journal of International Energy Policy (JIEP), 2(1), pp.15-22. bp.com. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/bp-magazine/innovations/sand-control-technology.html [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016]. British Petroleum, B.P., 2012. Statistical review of world energy. Campbell, M., 2014. Technology Innovation Advancements for Shell Cansolv CO 2 capture solvents. Energy Procedia, 63, pp.801-807. Chaleunvong, K., 2013. Data collection techniques. Training Course in Reproductive Health Research Vientine. Available on: https://www. gfmer. ch/Activites_internationales_Fr/Laos/Data_collection_tecniques_Chaleunvong_Laos _2009. htm access on October 20th. Chen, S., Chen, K., Gokdemir, M., Xing, X. and Chen, Z., 2013, March. Optimisation of sand control technique for offshore heavy oil and unconsolidated Sandstone reservoir: case study from Bohai Bay. In IPTC 2013: International Petroleum Technology Conference. Chengzao, J., Zheng, M. and Zhang, Y., 2012. Unconventional hydrocarbon resources in China and the prospect of exploration and development. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 39(2), pp.139-146. Chuu, S.J., 2014. An investment evaluation of supply chain RFID technologies: a group decision-making model with multiple information sources. Knowledge-Based Systems, 66, pp.210-220. D'Andrea, M.A. and Reddy, G.K., 2014. Health effects of benzene exposure among children following a flaring incident at the British Petroleum refinery in Texas City. Pediatric hematology and oncology, 31(1), pp.1-10. D'Andrea, M.A. and Reddy, G.K., 2014. Health effects of benzene exposure among children following a flaring incident at the British Petroleum refinery in Texas City. Pediatric hematology and oncology, 31(1), pp.1-10. Grant, R.M., 2013. The Development of Knowledge Management in the Oil and Gas Industry/El desarrollo de la Direccin del Conocimiento en la industria del petroleo y gas. Universia Business Review, (40), p.92. Grivas, C., Andreakou, P., Wang, P., Ding, M., Brambilla, G., Manna, L. and Lagoudakis, P.G., 2012. Single-mode tuneable laser operation of hybrid microcavities based on CdSe/CdS core/shell colloidal nanorods on silica microspheres. He, X. and Shortes, S., 2013, July. Lifting Operation Safety Management in AP1000 Nuclear Plant Project. In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (pp. V005T12A014-V005T12A014). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ince, A., Featherstone, D., Cumbers, A., MacKinnon, D. and Strauss, K., 2015. British jobs for British workers? Negotiating work, nation, and globalisation through the Lindsey Oil Refinery disputes. Antipode, 47(1), pp.139-157. Jacobs, F.R. and Chase, R.B., 2013. Operations and supply chain management: the core. McGraw-Hill. Jccp.or.jp. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.jccp.or.jp/international/conference/docs/4_S2-5%20Mr.%20Fuji_20150115_Rev3%EF%BC%88%E3%83%88%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%8D%E5%85%A5%E3%82%8A%EF%BC%89_JCCP_Chiyoda%20Presentation%20on%20Jan2015.pdf [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016]. Liang, X., Wang, Z., Zhou, Z., Huang, Z., Zhou, J. and Cen, K., 2013. Up-to-date life cycle assessment and comparison study of clean coal power generation technologies in China. Journal of cleaner production, 39, pp.24-31. Lingeswara, S., Omar, R. and Ghazi, T.M., 2016, June. Reliability analysis on a shell and tube heat exchanger. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 36, No. 1, p. 012012). IOP Publishing. Massie, J.L., 2015. Blazer and Ashland Oil: A Study in Management. University Press of Kentucky. Moslehyani, A., Ismail, A.F., Othman, M.H.D. and Matsuura, T., 2015. Design and performance study of hybrid photocatalytic reactor-PVDF/MWCNT nanocomposite membrane system for treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. Desalination, 363, pp.99-111. Olcay, H., Subrahmanyam, A.V., Xing, R., Lajoie, J., Dumesic, J.A. and Huber, G.W., 2013. Production of renewable petroleum refinery diesel and jet fuel feedstocks from hemicellulose sugar streams. Energy Environmental Science, 6(1), pp.205-216. Petroleum, B., 2012. BP statistical review of world energy. Petroleum, B., 2014. Deepwater horizon accident and response. Retrieved July. Pickard, A., 2012. Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Prett, D.M. and Morari, M., 2013. The shell process control workshop. Elsevier. Selley, R.C. and Sonnenberg, S.A., 2014. Elements of petroleum geology. Academic Press. Shell.com. (2016). Shell GameChanger. [online] Available at: https://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/innovating-together/shell-gamechanger.html [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016]. Srivastava, S.P. and Hancsk, J., 2014. Fuels from Crude Oil (Petroleum). Fuels and Fuel-Additives, pp.48-120. Ten Kroode, F., Bergler, S., Corsten, C., de Maag, J.W., Strijbos, F. and Tijhof, H., 2013. Broadband seismic dataThe importance of low frequencies. Geophysics, 78(2), pp.WA3-WA14. Veil, S.R., Sellnow, T.L. and Wickline, M.C., 2013. British petroleum: An egregious violation of the ethic of first and second things. Business and Society Review, 118(3), pp.361-381. Yuan, Z.H.S.J.G. and Bingbing, L., 2012. Shell Gasifier Control Application and Development Prospect. Chemical Industry Times, 11, p.014. Zhao, M., Deng, C. and Zhang, X., 2014. The design and synthesis of a hydrophilic coreshellshell structured magnetic metalorganic framework as a novel immobilized metal ion affinity platform for phosphoproteome research. Chemical Communications, 50(47), pp.6228-6231.

Regents Paragraph free essay sample

The end of the passage however, he realizes that Holly is a grown girl who has earned her independence, and he couldnt possibly inhibit her from leaving and starting the next chapter of her life. He has been going fishing with her since she was six, and hey have been fishing buddies ever since. Although Holly stopped going with him every time once she hit her teens, whenever she had a problem or needed to have a riveter talk with her father, she would always go.Holly is the narrators little girl, and doesnt want her to leave into the grown-up world forever, but when he caught that bass he realized that keeping her at home wouldnt be right. When he caught the bass and Holly asked if he was going to keep it her said Honey, Eve always dreamed of having a fish like that mounted on my wall, where I could look at him whenever I wanted to. We will write a custom essay sample on Regents Paragraph or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But a fish on a wall is a lifeless thing, no matter how much you prize it.That fish was so full of life and fought so hard for his freedom that I had to let him go back to where he belonged, to live his own life. The fish symbolizes Holly here because he is saying that he loves her so much but no matter how much he loves her, keeping her from leaving and living her life the way she wants will make her so unhappy, and that she deserves to be happy and free.

The Battle of Belleau Wood free essay sample

The Battle of Belleau Wood was one the most famous battles of World War I in which the U. S. Marine Corps made their debut into the Western Front. This battle was decisive because it confirmed the entry of the U. S. into World War I which is one of the main reasons, that the allies won the war. American involvement for the first couple years of World War I had been kept to simply supply the allies with weapons and supplies. It wasn’t until 1917 when the United States changed its view on isolationism due to a building pressure and Germany’s several indiscriminate attacks on civilians and attempt at a secret alliance as described in the Zimmerman note. The Battle of Belleau Wood was the Marine Corps attempt to aid the ailing French in losing their territory, most importantly Paris, to the German invaders. The primary source document referenced is a first-hand account from Lt Col Frederick May Wise, commander of the 2nd Battalion, 5th Marines at Belleau Wood. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Belleau Wood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The article was written from anywhere between the June 1 and June 26, when the battle was recorded to have occurred. Lt Col Wise describes in the beginning of the account how he saw several â€Å"German sausages† high in the air. These â€Å"sausages† were observation balloons that gave the German’s a warning of the allied advance and indicated to the Marines that a defensive fortification was nearby. The men were ordered to hide in the trees of the Bois de Belleau were they were soon pelted by German artillery fire. The continuous shelling was followed but a never ending machine gun and rifle fire from the Germans and the Marines made their best attempts to dig a trench and take cover. Lt Col Wise went to discuss the next course of actions and take suggestions from the commanders of other battalions. Orders then came in from higher up that an attack from the southern edge of Bois de Belleau was to commence which would be a frontal assault on the German positions. After the initial allied shelling of the woods, German machine guns returned fire as the Marine battalions were ordered to their feet to make their advance on the German line. Lt Col Wise described as he received several reports of the Marine successes in the battle as reports of objectives gained came in. Also several German prisoners were taken. The Germans put up a good fight with their machine guns but as Capt. Wass, one of Wise’s officers said, â€Å"But then you once get within bayonet reach of any of them, they’re eager enough to surrender†. In the end, the Marines were victorious in taking Bois de Belleau; however, it was at a heavy cost. Of the nine hundred and sixty five men and twenty six officers in Lt Col Wise’s battalion, he was left with three hundred and fifty men and six officers after his ten months training them. A secondary source article titled â€Å"’Belleau Wood’ The Legend, The Reality, and The Myth† written by Colonel John Miller, USMC. This document was written as an explanation to the reality of the events at Belleau Wood. The article mentions that there was a built up legend to the Marines in Europe that was shown to the American public of how glorious and victorious the Marines in Europe were. The Marines were also fighting to keep their existence as the fact that they were seen as a second land army. The text also covers the myth of the battle and is meant to debunk many ideas that were stirring in the public. Marine recruiters would often sell the argument that the term â€Å"Devil Dogs† came from the Germans to describe the Marines when this was actually not said in the same way it was meant and through some confusion in interpretation, the phrase came to be. Another secondary source researched is from a book by Robert Asprey titled â€Å"At Belleau Wood†. This book is written as an analysis from different points of view. The author has compiled several accounts and research to show arguments of alternative actions that could have been taken and to tell of accounts from people that were actually there. This book puts the events in chronological order and explains the progression of the war and the many famous historical events. The account from Lt Col Wise is important because it is a direct interpretation of what he witnessed during the battle. Many writers and journalists can interview soldiers and marines and ask them to explain their experience, but a primary source is the closest you can get to the accurate truth of someone’s experience. The fact that there are no longer World War I survivors remaining show the importance of keeping the history alive through writing. The author definitely has a bit of bias in writing his account. Lt Col Wise made it appear as if the German infantry were less courageous than their machine gunners because the Germans never attacked like the marines did. Lt Col Wise might have also exaggerated the numbers of prisoners when he described that one single wounded marine herded around fifty German troops as prisoners. Capt. Wass, as mentioned earlier, would be quick to state that the Germans were far inferior to the marines in hand-to-hand combat. Some information the author might have ignored were the reasons why the Germans surrendered in such large amounts. Did they run out of ammunition? Did they lose the will to fight because their command gave up on them? Maybe the German’s viewed the marines as a much more vicious fighting force than their numbers might have suggested? The reader should be interested in this document because its detailed description of the war allows for vivid imagery of the scenes of carnage and destruction on the battlefield. A true military enthusiast would find this recollection enjoyable. This document helps us understand U. S. naval history by mentioning one of the most famous battles of World War I. This is where the U. S. Marine Corps displayed its true colors and attracted the attention of many young men and women to join. Ultimately, this primary source document provides a realistic account of what actually happened as it was written by the commander of a marine battalion.

Rrl of My Classmte as Example Essays

Rrl of My Classmte as Example Essays Rrl of My Classmte as Example Essay Rrl of My Classmte as Example Essay Various eye problems have been associated with overexposure to sunlight. CAUSE Ultraviolet Ray WHY? People are unaware of what UVR can cause to their vision/eye sight. WHY? Insufficient spread of information to the public. Sub Problem How can we completely inform the public about the dangers caused by the UVR? INTRODUCTION Another radiation from the sun can harm not only your skin but also your eyes. Extended exposure to the sun’s UV rays has been linked to eye damage, which includes the cataract that clouds the eye’s natural lens that can cause to temporary vision loss. The purpose of this project is to make the public aware of what UV ray can cause to their vision. To protect the eyes from harmful solar radiation, sunglasses should block 100 percent of UV rays. A good quality of sunglasses such as Ray-Ban is a certified item for consumption that manufactures variety of glasses and likewise lenses that deals with overexposure to sun. This variety of lenses indicates the amount of protection it can give to the eyes. It includes the tints in the lenses that keep UV ray from reaching the eyes. Manufacturers add certain colors that block UVB light. Amber and brown tints are especially useful at absorbing UV light; however, any light-blocking tint will help prevent eye damage. Manufacturers either use colored glass or polycarbonates to make these lenses or soak polycarbonate lenses in a tint solution. Sunglasses can also have extra UV coating, although these arent necessarily just for sunglasses, as the coatings are clear and can be applied to regular glasses. The best tint for optimizing performance is a matter of personal preference. Sunglasses labeled UV-400 should offer good protection from the sun. One easy way to keep your eyes protected is to remember to push your sunglasses up on your nosethe closer the lenses are to the eye, the more protection you get. If youre going to be in a high-sun environment, wrap-around shades are a good choice. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Most people know of the dangers of the sun to our skin. But many do not know that too much sun can also damage the eyes. Eyes are sensitive instruments which can easily become injured or diseased from exposure to sunlight, because of the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. Ultraviolet rays are high energy, and are invisible to the human eye because they are outside the spectrum of colors that a human eye can see. Eye diseases are associated with exposure to sunlight Exposure to sunlight can cause damage to the eyes in both the short and long term. In the short term, exposure to sunlight can result in: * Mild irritation: May cause symptoms such as excessive blinking, swelling or difficulty seeing in strong sunlight. * Photo Keratoconjunctivitis: Photo keratoconjunctivitis is a condition similar to snow blindness or welders flash burn. It occurs when the sensitive, skin-like tissues of the eyeball become sunburnt. Individuals suffering from the condition are likely to experience severe pain, and possibly temporary blindness, for 12 days. The condition is temporary and will resolve naturally. In the long term, exposure to sunlight is associated with a range of eye diseases, including: * Eye cancer (also known as squamous cell carcinoma of the eye): A rare condition characterised by the growth of cancerous cells on the surface of the eye. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that5070% of eye cancers around the world are caused by sun exposure. The risk of developing eye cancer increases with lifetime exposure to sunlight. The incidence is highest in countries closest to the equator. * Cortical and posterior subcapsular cataract: Cataracts are characterised by the increasing opaqueness of the lens of the eye. It can lead to impaired eye sight and, in severe cases, to blindness. The WHO estimate 5% of cortical cataract disease is caused by sun exposure. In Australia, the Australian Cancer Council estimates that up to 10% of all cataracts are associated with excessive sun exposure. A study of a United States population found that individuals who had high levels of sun exposure were about 1. 5 times more likely to develop cortical or posterior subcapsular cataracts than those who had low sun exposure, while those with moderate sun exposure were about 1. 2 times more likely to develop each of these types of cataracts. * Pterygium: Pterygium is characterised by a fleshy growth on the eyes surface. The WHO estimates that 4070% of the global burden from this disease is attributable to sun exposure. A study conducted in Victoria reported that 43. 6% of pterygium cases were attributable to sun exposure. * Age related macular degeneration: Based on laboratory studies showing thatUV rays cause retinal damage in rats, scientists believe that exposure to UV rays contributes to the degeneration of eyesight which occurs naturally with ageing. How UVR Impacts the Eye The various tissue layers of the eye absorb the wavebands of UVR to different extents. The longer the wavelength, the deeper the penetration of ocular tissue. Of the radiation from sunlight, UV-B has the greatest impact on the eye. Overexposure can result in photokeratitis or, in rare cases, solar maculopathy. Studies show that chronic exposure to UV-B can also cause cortical cataracts. UV-A is considered a greater threat to produce skin cancer than damage the eye. While the ozone layer filters UV-C from the sun, a welders arc can generate toxic dosages of this potent waveband. Since UV-C is the shortest waveband of the ultraviolet spectrum, the corneal epithelium will absorb it. A welders flash burn therefore will cause a punctate epitheliopathy. Environmental factors and UV exposure The level of UV radiation varies due to a range of environmental factors,including: * Time of day: UV radiation levels are highest when the sun is higher in the sky (in the middle of the day, between 10am and 2pm). * Geographic location: UV radiation levels increase with increasing proximity to the equator, and increasing altitude. * Cloud cover: UV radiation levels are higher when there is no cloud cover, although UV radiation from the sun is present even on cloudy days. Features of the surrounding landscape: As UV radiation from the sun is reflected more or less effectively by some surfaces than others, exposure to UV radiation is also influenced by features of the surrounding landscape. Snow is a particularly reflective surface, and as much as 80% of UV radiation will be reflected back (compared to about 10% for water and grass). Dry beach sand reflects about 15% of UV radiat ion, while the foam in sea water reflects 25% of UV radiation. * Ozone protection: A layer of ozone forms a protective layer around the earth and blocks much of the sun’s harmful rays, including much UV radiation. Ozone levels vary between places and times of the day. The origin of UV protection Most of the UV protection comes from the lenses of UV protection sunglasses. Special coatings on the lenses material during manufacturing are the origin of UV protection. The exact lens coating is named UV treatment, which adds this capability to regular lenses. Always select UV protection sunglasses with labels specifying UV absorption up to 400nm, which is equivalent to 100% UV absorption. Color, style and cost have no direct help in offering sunlight protection. Many people would think that lens color is closely related to the degree of UV protection the lenses can offer. A classical example is dark sunglasses which had dominated the sun wear industry for many years. In fact, lens darkness does not determine directly the UV filtration ability. It is the lens material and additive coating that matters. Measuring Ultraviolet Rays In the United States, the risk for UV exposure is measured using the UV Index. Developed by the NWS and EPA, the UV Index predicts each days ultraviolet radiation levels on a simple 1 to 11+ scale. In addition to publishing the UV Index daily, the EPA also issues a UV Alert when the level of solar UV radiation that day is expected to be unusually high. UV Protection Recommendations| UV Index| Risk Level| Recommendations| 2 or less| Low| 1. Wear sunglasses. 2. If you burn easily, use sunscreen with an SUN PROTECTION FACTOR of 15+. | 3 5| Moderate| 1. Wear sunglasses. 2. Cover up and use sunscreen. 3. Stay in the shade near midday, when the sun is strongest. | 6 7| High| 1. Wear a hat and sunglasses. 2. Cover up and use sunscreen. 3. Reduce time in the sun between 10 a. m. and 4 p. m. | 8 10| Very high| 1. Wear a hat and sunglasses. 2. Cover up and use sunscreen. 3. Minimize sun exposure between 10 a. m. and 4 p. m. | 11+| Extreme| 1. Wear a hat and sunglasses. 2. Apply sunscreen (SPF 15+) liberally every two hours. 3. Try to avoid sun exposure between 10 a. m. and 4 p. m. | | How do you protect your eyes from UV radiation? Protecting the eyes from UV radiation from the sun is the only way to reduce the risk of eye damage. Staying out of the sun at all times is impossible, so it is important that you know how to protect your eyes when they are exposed to sunlight, and about the times at which the suns rays are most dangerous. Steps for protecting against exposure to UV radiation from the sun include: Wear sunglasses when exposed to sunlight Every time an individual goes out in sunlight, they shouldwear sunglasses that meet the Australian standards. Sunglasses provide a barrier between UV radiation and the eyes,thus preventing the harmful effects of UV radiation. The Australian Cancer Council recommends that individuals wear sunglasses with wrap-around (i. e. side) protection complying with Australian Standard AS/ANZ 1067:2003 (these standards outline how manufacturers should make sunglasses and which materials they should use). Sunglasses which meet the Australian Standard will be labelled with AS/ANZ 1607:2003 and a category number. In addition, the lenses of the sunglasses should offer a high level of UV protection, and be labelled UV400, or EPF9 or 10. Wear a broad-brimmed hat when exposed to sunlight A hat with a broad brim offers better protection than a cap, as it also blocks sunlight from the side and back. Such a hat can effectively block about 40% of UV rays from reaching the eye. It not only protects the eyes from exposure to sunlight, but also the ear, neck and face. Exposureat these sitescan increase the risk of cancer. Avoid exposure to sunlight as much as possible, particularly in the middle of the day Levels of UV radiation in sunlight are highest in the middle of the day (10am to 2pm), and thus exposure to sunlight is most dangerous at this time. Limit your exposure to sunlight at this time by staying indoors, wearing protective clothing or using shaded areas. Sit or walk in the shade The shade provided by trees and canopies does not offer full protection against UV radiation, but staying out of full sunlight does offer considerable protection against UV rays. Seek shady areas when outside, particularly when outside for extended periods or in the middle of the day. Avoid indoor sun tanning lamps Indoor tanning lamps emit UV radiation and can cause damage to the eyes and skin. Avoid indoor tanning if you wish to protect your eyes from their damaging effects. It is also important to realise that childrens eyes are susceptible to damage from UV exposure (even though this damage may not produce symptoms until they reach adulthood). In order to protect childrens eyes, parents and guardians should provide children with appropriate protective eyewear and a broad-brimmed hat, and limit their exposure to unlight, particularly in the middle of the day. When to Wear Sunglasses? Wear sunglasses outdoors, particularly in the following circumstances: * During summer: The level of UVR at noon in summer can be more than three times as high as in winter. More importantly, the levels of UVB, the type of UVR that causes the most damage, can be as much as ten times higher (which is why sunburn takes such a short time in summer). * Around noon: (1PM during daylight saving). Seventy percent of the harmful UVB radiation that is received each day occurs within three hours either side of this time. On the beach or boating: There are usually few buildings or structures to block the sun or sky, so people are exposed to direct and scattered radiation from the whole sky as well as reflections from water. * Skiing at high altitude: Solar UVR increases with altitude and at 2000 metres (typical of Australian ski fields) can be as much as thirty percent higher than at sea level. The high reflectivity of snow worsens the problem, so that the UVR dose to the eye can be quite large. Consequently, good eye protection while skiing is very important. Materials and coatings of sunglass lenses Currently, there is a wide variety of materials for sunglass lenses. Thanks to the advancements in the lens technology, different people can now choose lenses that cater individual needs. In general, sunglass lenses are made of either plastic or glass. Plastic lenses are lightweight and come in different tints. Plastic sunglass lenses can block 80% of UV rays and thus provide good protection from sunlight. While offering excellent optical quality, glass lenses are more susceptible to scratches. High index lenses High index lenses are made of the material of high index plastic. This kind of lenses can block out 100% harmful UV rays in the sunlight. In regular, high index lenses are applied with reflective coating. This is because the high index feature also increases lens reflection on the surface. Due to the valuable optical feature of this material, high-index lenses are thinner and thinner than regular plastic lenses. Typically, lenses made of a high-index plastic can be 50% thinner than traditional plastic lenses. Patients with a severe refractive error are perfect target users. Polycarbonate lenses Polycarbonate lenses are one of the most common types of sunglass lenses. Besides features such as lightweight and shatter-resistance, polycarbonate lenses provide natural 100% UV protection. These lenses are perfect for active adults and children. Sunglasses using polycarbonate lenses can offer incomparable eye protection and UV protection. Photochromic lenses Photochromic lenses can provide appropriate lens darkness according to the surrounding environment. This type of lens always flatters people who need to frequently alternate between indoor and outdoor environments. Without the availability of photochromic glasses, vision impaired patients need to remove sunglasses and change to prescription eyeglasses when they move indoors, or vice versa. Polarized lenses Polarized lenses are specially designed for outdoor wear. These lenses can greatly reduce glare by blocking light reflection on a flat surface. Regular participants of outdoor activities including driving, golfing and skiing can significantly benefit from polarized lenses. With the help of polarized sunglasses, the wearers will nearly be free from annoying glare. Aspheric lenses Aspheric lenses are particularly suitable for people with a heavy prescription. With an evenly distributed thickness, this type of lenses will not bring an unwanted look because of excessively thick lenses. These lenses have different curves and are able to reduce or eliminate spherical aberrations. And they also help reduce the distortion of the wearer’s eyes. Scratch-resistant coating In addition to different lens materials, there are still types of coatings. In order to avoid scratches, sunglass lenses can be treated with a scratch resistant coating (SRC), which is usually included in polycarbonate and high index lenses by default. This lens coating is especially helpful for mischievous kids who may frequently drop the glasses. Anti-reflective coating Another common coating is anti-reflective coating (ARC), which is applied in some lenses in order to reduce reflective rays. While eliminating unwanted glare during outdoor activities, lenses with this type of coating are more likely to scratch. Actually, these two types of coatings are mutually exclusive, which means one specific lens cannot have both of them. Lens tints Lens tint is another common issue. With various tint options, sunglass wearers can choose their favoritecolor in order to get distinctive looking. However, only plastic lenses can effectively and uniformly absorb tints. In contrast to high index lenses, polycarbonate lenses are harder to tint. Reference mydr. com. au/skin-hair/eyes-in-the-sun

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 13

Economics - Essay Example The problem with GDP is that the metric was originally designed to recognized economic activity and it was never meant to be utilized as a standard to determine the well being of a society. This paper analyses gross domestic product in order to determine its functionality and ways to improve the metric so it can become a more suitable indicator of social progress and well being. Gross domestic product is an economic metric that is recognized by the entire international community. Since its utilization started centuries ago there is a tremendous amount of historical data about the GDP of different nations. The problem with the utilization of this metric for the purposes of measuring well-being is that the variables included in the formula to calculate gross domestic product have to do primarily with spending of either the public or private sector. The amount of money spend within a microeconomic system is not really a good determinant of the well being of a society. Well-being refers to the quality of life of a society which includes aspects such as freedom, happiness, environmental health, abundance of natural resources, and innovation (Wordiq, 2009). People expect from its governmental institution for them to be aware of the actual needs in order to improve their well being. In order for that to Gross domestic product is not a good indicator to determine well being. In order to improve the representation of the metric without changing its integrity economist often prefer to display the total in terms of per capita denominations. Gross domestic product per capita can be better to compare the wealth within a specific country. We must recognize that wealth is important, but not the only factor that determines well-being. In recent years statisticians have gone a step further in order to improve GDP. They created an alternate economic metric called GPI which utilizes GDP as the basis from which other

Economic of Race and Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic of Race and Gender - Essay Example Although such legislation was needed to ensure equal access to employment for all Americans, it also served the purpose of defining diversity by symbolizing what characteristics of American workers should be preserved in the workplace. In this regard, organizations have relied on policies, such as the 4/5ths rule, for ensuring that selection tools do not unfairly discriminate against minority applicants. From the critical perspective, societies themselves made a rational justification for diversity, revealing through their practices that diversification of the workplace in economics is a necessity for increasing workplace innovation and creativity (Cox & Blake, 1991). This rational argument of economic necessity for diversity has been vividly articulated during the United States Supreme Court case of Gratz v.Bollinger (2003). In this case the University of Michigan’s admissions practices were challenged for automatically awarding minority applicants â€Å"diversity points† that were not available for non-minority applicants. A number of organizations filed briefs supporting the University of Michigan’s policies because promoting diversity in higher education would increase the pool of highly qualified applicants for future workforce. Arguments raised in the briefs were that students educated around diversity (1) are more adept at facilitating unique and creative approaches to problem solving; (2) are better able to develop products that appeal to a wide variety of consumers; (3) are better equipped for working with diverse business partners, employees, and clientele and; (4) will contribute to a positive work environment through decreasing incidents of discrimination and stereotyping (3M et al., 2003). Cox and Blake (1991) argued that attitudes, cognition, behaviors, and beliefs are distributed differently across ages, races, and genders, therefore, such heterogeneity, can foster creativity and innovations.

Competitive Antagonism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Competitive Antagonism - Essay Example Here, ACh is the agonist of muscarinic receptors. Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction – When ACh stimulates the G-protein coupled muscarinic receptors, a conformational change occurs, leading to the activation of the G-protein. The activated G-protein activates the intracellular enzyme, PLC (phospholipase C). This enzyme in turn hydrolyses PI(4,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate). This hydrolysis results in the production of two compounds – DAG (diacylglycerol) and IP3 (inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate). IP3 is soluble and diffuses through the cytosol. It binds to receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) from the intracellular stores. The rise in intracellular calcium ions results in contraction of the smooth muscle. This happens when the intracellular calcium ions bind to calmodulin and activate it. Activation of calmodulin results in activation of the myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) enzyme by the calcium-calmodulin complex, which then catalyzes the transfer of ph osphate group from ATP to myosin cross bridges. The phosphorylated myosin cross bridges then interact with actin, causing shortening of the fiber. This results in muscle contraction. The cross-bridge cycle is powered by ATP. Second messenger involved - IP3 (inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate) is the second messenger, as it relays the signal from outside the cell to the inside, resulting in the release of calcium ions that cause muscle contraction. Acetylcholine (ACh) and adrenaline (Ad) are two agonists whose actions are independent of one another and result in opposite effects. Ad brings about the relaxation of pre-contracted smooth muscle by acting via the G-protein coupled ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptors on the cells. Mechanism of Ad induced relaxation of pre-contracted smooth muscle – Ad binds to the G-protein linked ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptor causing a conformational change in the G-protein. This activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase.

The National Drugs Campaign Media Essay

The National Drugs Campaign Media Essay The National Drugs Campaign (NDC) was created by the Australian Government to decrease the drug use amongst the Australian population. They achieve this purpose by spreading information about the dangers of drug usage and encouraging the public to abstain from drugs. A campaign has been launched since 2001 for this cause, which included 4 phases to be launched at different times within a ten year span. It is one of the longest-running public education campaigns on illicit drugs in Australia. Although illicit drug usage may be decreasing due to NDCs campaign, ecstasy usage remains stagnant. According the Mental Health Minister, Helen Morton, The latest National Drug Strategy Household Survey showed 4.1 percent of Western Australia survey participants had used ecstasy in the past year, similar results to 2001 and 2004 (Morton). In fact, according to the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre of Australia, ecstasy has been used by approximately 8% of the entire Australian population, with approximately 3% having used in the preceding 12 months. (Ross). In order to reduce these statistics, the NDC started a new campaign targeting ecstasy in January 2011 called the Ecstasy. Face Facts campaign. I feel that this was a successful approach to use in order to fulfill the needs of their overall campaign. One of the NDCs main objectives is to reduce illicit drug usage, and since ecstasy was not in decline, it only makes sense to focus the next campaign specifically on ecstasy. As part of their communication model, they created objectives of this particular campaign. These includes increasing the knowledge to their audience about the perilous facts of ecstasy, reducing the usage of ecstasy and other illicit drugs these users may have tried, preventing anyone from ever trying illicit drugs, and supporting them to refrain from any drug usage. The NDC released several public service announcements, which was their entire campaign, in order to promote positive consumer behavior. According to the National Drugs Campaign, there are four overall messages that need to be conveyed to the audience. These messages include the following: There are specific risks and harms associated with using ecstasy; There are real risks and harms associated with using illicit drugs; There are real benefits to not using ecstasy and other illicit drugs; and There is a range of information available on the facts about using ecstasy and other illicit drugs. The communication channels of this government advertising campaign consist of integrated media activity with radio, print, outdoor, online, and in-venue advertising, public relations and promotions, and information resources such as National Drugs Campaign website (australia.gov.au/drugs) and the 1800 250 015 information line. Some public relations activities include sponsorships of the  In The Mix  website, popular radio programs on Nova FM and Austereo, the Future Music Festivals, the  Rock the Schools  and  I Am With The Band  initiatives and National Youth Week 2011. The communication channels in which to reach NDCs target audience is an important factor to get their message across. I feel that the chosen mediums of advertising, especially through print and radio, are a fast and easy way to reach a mass audience while still grabbing the attention of the target market. Having online tools such as the website, and interactive in-venue advertising also incorporates new ways of reaching and communicating with the youth of Australia, which research shows us is how they want to be informed of these issues. Finally, having PR activities that include sponsorships that young people idolize and are familiar with will help to better relate to them. Youth marketing and public relations activities that are aligned with music further engages youth in ways that are meaningful to them. It was also an important decision that the NDC chose to use print media other than television to get their point across. They chose to advertise more in magazines that teenagers would read, such as Cosmopolitan. This way they would reach their target audience. They also were able to have a more personal impact on their viewers through their visual communication. The entire layout of the advertisement, including the typography, pictures, and colors were all put together meticulously. Since there is only a few moments before the onlooker of the ad decides whether or not they will continue reading, it needs to have all aspects of the print to be attention-grabbing, which it is. Research conducted by drug and alcohol experts and the Australian National Council on Drugs led to the development of the target audience. It was decided the campaign would target the youth aged 15-21 years who are at risk of using ecstasy and/or other illicit drugs and parents of 13-17 year olds. According the research conducted by the National Drug Strategy Household Survey, 38.1% of Australian over the age of 14 had tried illicit drugs. . This is the key transition time in young peoples lives. Since they are highly influenced by their environments and their social stimuli, they are more at risk. Since teenagers in Australia are using drugs at such an early age, the target audience should be 15- 21 years, and it is also necessary for parents to start worrying about the safety of their children as well. Thus, the target audience for the advertisements is a logical age. Before the advertising campaign was made, a creative brief was formed which highlighted the consumer insights as well as the creative strategy that NBC would use. Formative research was conducted with people aged 12 -25 to explore youth attitudes and behaviors to illicit drugs. They examined positive and negative perceptions of drug use, key drivers and barriers to trial, and identified effective channels with which to communicate with young people in relation to drugs (National Drug Campaign). The research results indicated that young Australians had previous knowledge between the image or specific drugs and perceived effects of them. These finding encouraged NBC to target communication about particular drugs, rather than simply grouping all drugs together. This research also identified different segments of young people, defined by clusters of particular attitudes to drug use and their lives, which have been critical to the formulation of the campaigns creative strategy (National D rug Campaign). Two main visuals that have been used in outdoor advertising such as posters and billboards are called the Ecstasy Girl advertisement and the Ecstasy Lab advertisement (National Drug Campaign). The Ecstasy girl features a visual of a haggard, disheveled girl who looks like she is clearly a drug user. The caption above says Insomnia, memory loss, or psychological problems. The second advertisement features an ecstasy lab which consists of a visual of a repulsive bathroom and tubes attached to the inside of a toilet going into beakers. These beakers imply that the drugs are made in this kind of setting, with unknown contents. The caption above reads Made using drain cleaner, battery acid or even hair bleach. Then popped in your mouth. The second of these advertisements is more widely known, and the message of the contents of ecstasy was used in other forms of media such as video and radio. The cultural setting of the Ecstasy Girl advertisement is an illustration of all teenagers. Though it may show a young, blonde, Caucasian women, it still represents all of the youth that is having problems due to drug usage. It is a physical depiction of the entire target audience. Even the Ecstasy Lab advertisement with a picture of a lab may only show the setting of one place where the drugs are made. However, it is still a physical depiction of what contents go into ecstasy, and illustrates that the contents of drugs are never pure. In the fourth stage of the communication model, the message that is being sent is interpreted by the audience. The way that teenagers would interpret these public service announcements is critical to make sure the objectives of the NDC are being met. Thus, in order for these advertisements to have any impact on it audience, it needs to pass the hierarchy of effects model. This means it needs to stimulate their attention, interest, desire, and action. I feel that this advertising campaign does create attention since the visual depictions are both extreme and invoking. The colors (yellow, blue, white) are eye-catching. Even the font they use for the words is large and capitalized, demanding attention. By reading the copy, the audience would then gain interest, since the copy in the advertisements is thought-provoking, harsh, and blunt. Then they would look at the pictures again and associate with the words to realize what the message is trying to convey. When they finally put it all to gether, it would create the desire to listen to the message, and abstain from trying drugs, which is the action that the NDC is trying to invoke. Since the National Drugs Campaign is run by the Australian Government, it is government advertising which is a public service that promotes good behavior. It is not in competition with other brands or companies. However, it does have other organizations that support the campaign, even if they have their own strategy for trying to decrease drug use. For example, Drug Aware, a drug prevention program in Western Australia took its own approach to handling the ecstasy escalation in their region. Instead of using print advertising, they did everything online. They created a new youth-oriented ecstasy campaign website interface on the Drug Aware website, where visitors can watch videos featuring the Ecstasy experts, read up on the facts, or chat live and confidentially with a qualified drug counselor (Drug Aware). Other smaller drug awareness campaigns dont always take the harsh approach of the NDC either. However, I feel showing the youth the more daunting facts of drugs first will grab t heir audiences attention and keep it, which is what they need to do to portray their message. In order to measure the feedback of the advertising campaign, the NDC would need to test the audiences reactions after viewing it. There are several ways of evaluating whether or not the campaign is effective. NDC could investigate the audiences campaign awareness and reach by testing campaign recognition and recall, credibility of the advertising for ecstasy, whether attitudes and behaviors in relation to illicit drugs has changed, and if people start getting more informed and abstain from drug use. Past campaigns have resulted in high outcomes for effectiveness. For example, in the previous campaign in 2010, 70% of ecstasy users and 44% of young people said they had recently seen, read or heard advertising about illicit drugs (National Drug Campaign). Since the creative strategy for advertising is being used from previous campaigns, these results could be a reflection for the current campaign effectiveness results. Since this campaign is an improvement on the previous one, we can h opefully expect even better results, especially since the current one has more of a focus on ecstasy users. Unfortunately, there are still some setbacks to the current campaign. There are no actual television commercials for the campaign. Though they may have radio spots and some online videos, NDC has underestimated the influence of television. A small glance at a poster, or a 20 second radio spot may not be enough to capture to attention of someone, if looked at just once. Fortunately, this problem has been moderated due to the saturation of posters and outdoor advertising of the NDC. This way, if the poster didnt catch someones eye once, seeing it several times will cause them to actually read it. Though the NDC has not put money into television spots, they did allocate their marketing to enough outdoor advertising to make up for this. Though we may not be able to measure the post-campaign evaluations yet, since the campaign has only just come out, we could still critique what NBC has done so far. The two advertisements that have been their main focus both appeal to the audiences emotions and fears. I think this is an appropriate approach because showing the audience appalling facts about drugs will alert them into abstaining from them. Sometimes messages need to be harsh, especially to the youth, to hinder them from using drugs. Also, since the government and the National Drug Campaign is a credible source, the audience will be able to trust the messages that they are seeing. I feel this campaign will really make a difference to NDCs target market. The exposure to this campaign will help NDC in reaching their objectives. , http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/internet/drugstrategy/publishing.nsf/Content/17B917608C1969ABCA257317001A72D4/$File/mono-63.pdf. http://www.wa.liberal.org.au/item/3681 http://www.thenewspaperworks.com.au/go/news/-ecstasy-face-facts-press-ad http://www.health.gov.au/internet/drugs/publishing.nsf/content/news-7feb11-ecstasy http://www.tanglewood.net/projects/teachertraining/Book_of_Readings/Dusenbury.pdf

Vlad Dracula :: essays research papers

Yes, there was a real Dracula, and he was a true prince of darkness. He was Prince Vlad III Dracula, also known as Vlad Tepes, meaning "Vlad the Impaler." The Turks called him Kaziglu Bey, or "the Impaler Prince." He was the prince of Walachia, but, as legend suggests, he was born in Transylvania, which at that time was ruled by Hungary. Walachia was founded in 1290 by a Transylvanian named Radu Negru, or Rudolph the Black. It was dominated by Hungary until 1330, when it became independent. The first ruler of the new country was Prince Basarab the Great (1310-1352), an ancestor of Dracula. Dracula's grandfather, Prince Mircea the Old, reigned from 1386 to 1418. He participated in one too many losing battles against the Turks and was forced to pay tribute to them. He and his descendants continued to rule Walachia, but as vassals of the Ottoman empire. The throne of Walachia was not necessarily passed from father to son. The prince, or voivode, was elected by the country's boyars, or land-owning nobles. This caused fighting among family members, assassinations, and other unpleasantness. Eventually the House of Basarab was split into two factions - Mircea's descendants, and the descendants of another prince named Dan. Dan's descendants were called the Danesti. Mircea had an illegitimate son, Vlad, born around 1390, who was educated in Hungary and Germany. Vlad served as a page for King Sigismund of Hungary, who became the Holy Roman Emperor in 1410. Sigismund founded a secret fraternal order of knights called the Order of the Dragon to uphold Christianity and defend the empire against Turkey. Because of his bravery fighting Turks, Vlad was admitted to the Order, probably in 1431. The boyars started to call him Dracul, meaning "dragon." Vlad's second son would be known as Dracula, or "son of the dragon." Dracul also meant "devil." So Dracula's enemies, especially German Saxons, called him "son of the devil." Eventually Sigismund made Vlad the military governor of Transylvania, a post he held from 1431 to 1435. During that time he lived in the town of Sighisoara or Schassburg. You can still visit the citadel there and even the house where Vlad's son Dracula was born. Today there's a restaurant on the second floor. There's also a mural in the house that may depict Vlad Dracul. Young Dracula Dracula was born in November or December of 1431. His given name was Vlad. Vlad Dracula :: essays research papers Yes, there was a real Dracula, and he was a true prince of darkness. He was Prince Vlad III Dracula, also known as Vlad Tepes, meaning "Vlad the Impaler." The Turks called him Kaziglu Bey, or "the Impaler Prince." He was the prince of Walachia, but, as legend suggests, he was born in Transylvania, which at that time was ruled by Hungary. Walachia was founded in 1290 by a Transylvanian named Radu Negru, or Rudolph the Black. It was dominated by Hungary until 1330, when it became independent. The first ruler of the new country was Prince Basarab the Great (1310-1352), an ancestor of Dracula. Dracula's grandfather, Prince Mircea the Old, reigned from 1386 to 1418. He participated in one too many losing battles against the Turks and was forced to pay tribute to them. He and his descendants continued to rule Walachia, but as vassals of the Ottoman empire. The throne of Walachia was not necessarily passed from father to son. The prince, or voivode, was elected by the country's boyars, or land-owning nobles. This caused fighting among family members, assassinations, and other unpleasantness. Eventually the House of Basarab was split into two factions - Mircea's descendants, and the descendants of another prince named Dan. Dan's descendants were called the Danesti. Mircea had an illegitimate son, Vlad, born around 1390, who was educated in Hungary and Germany. Vlad served as a page for King Sigismund of Hungary, who became the Holy Roman Emperor in 1410. Sigismund founded a secret fraternal order of knights called the Order of the Dragon to uphold Christianity and defend the empire against Turkey. Because of his bravery fighting Turks, Vlad was admitted to the Order, probably in 1431. The boyars started to call him Dracul, meaning "dragon." Vlad's second son would be known as Dracula, or "son of the dragon." Dracul also meant "devil." So Dracula's enemies, especially German Saxons, called him "son of the devil." Eventually Sigismund made Vlad the military governor of Transylvania, a post he held from 1431 to 1435. During that time he lived in the town of Sighisoara or Schassburg. You can still visit the citadel there and even the house where Vlad's son Dracula was born. Today there's a restaurant on the second floor. There's also a mural in the house that may depict Vlad Dracul. Young Dracula Dracula was born in November or December of 1431. His given name was Vlad.